The nails are at the end of each finger tip on the dorsal nail surface.The main function is present, protection, and it also helps articles.It a strong organizational commitment is a strong relatively flexible plate nail keratin of the nail matrix. Under the nail plate, it is called a nail bed.Between soft tissue, skin and nail there is a nail or a nail is cuticle.Normal healthy light pink color and the surface is a convex side to 1 cm side.Finger nails grow in three months and 24 months for toenails the same.

The importance of nails in disease diagnosis:

The color, appearance, shape and texture of the nails give some information on general hygiene and health of a person. Nails are examined in a routine by all doctors for advice on aspects diseases.Just underlying nails we can makeout the hygiene person.The an abnormal nail may be congenital or receive extended certain diseases cause changes in the nail for simple reasons to life threatening diseases.Hence examination by a doctor for diagnosis is essential. Some abnormal findings with probable causes are discussed here for general awareness.

1) Hygiene: —

We may from unsanitary nail very easily. Deposition of dirt under the distal end of the nail may cut chance for the host of pathogens in nails eating.If is not properly done, the worm-May riots in the results for children. When the exploration of worms in the ova of the anal orifice children from zero to under the nails and the boxes will be taken as eating.Prominent nail can also complicate a skin disease by nails scratching.Sharp common in small kids cause small wounds when they occur on the feet or waving of the hand.

2) the color of nails: —

a) Nails become pale from anemia.

b) Opaque white discolouration (leuconychia) is seen in chronic renal failure and nephrotic syndrome.

c) Whitening is also seen in hypoalbuminaemia as cirrhosis of the liver and kidneys.

d) the group of drugs such as sulfonamides, antimalarial drugs and antibiotics, etc. may produce discoloration of the nails.

e) Fungal infection causes black discolouration.

f) Infection with Pseudomonas nails are black or green.

g) myocardial nail bed occurs in vasculitis especially in SLE and rheumatoid arthritis.

) H Red dots are seen in nails by a splinter haemorrhages in subacute bacterial endo carditis, rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, connective tissue diseases.

i) Blunt injury produces haemorrhage and causes blue / black discoloration.

j) The nails are brown and kidney disease with decreased activity of the adrenal glands.

k) in Wilson’s disease in a semi-circle is blue color in the nail.

l) If the decrease in blood flow to yellow nails. The yellowish tinge of jaundice and psoriasis also nail.

m) Yellow Nail Syndrome, all nails are yellowish with pleural effusion.

3) the nails: —

Clubbing a): Here tissues at the base of nails are thickened and the angle between the base of the nails and skin is destroyed. The nail becomes more convex and the finger tip is bulbous and looks like an end of a club. If the condition worsens, the nail looks like a parrot’s beak.

Causes of clubbing: —

Congenital Injuries

Severe chronic cyanosis

Lung diseases like empyema, bronchiactesis, cancer of the lung and pulmonary tuberculosis.
Abdominal diseases like Crohn’s disease, colon polyps, ulcerative colitis, liver cirrhosis ect …

Tetralogy of Fallot, such as heart disease, and subacute bacterial endocarditis .. ect

b) Koilonychia: —

Here the nails become concave as a condition spoon.This anaemia.In is seen in iron deficiency, this condition the nails thin, soft and brittle.The normal convexity will be replaced by concavity.

c) Longitudinal ridging in Raynaud’s syndrome seen.

d) the cuticles ragged in dermatomyositis.

e) Nail fold telangiectasia is a sign in dermatomyositis, scleroderma and lupus erythematosus.

4) The structure and coherence: —

infection) fungal nail causes discolouration, deformity, hypertrophy and abnormal brittleness.

b) Thimble pitting of nail is charecteristic psoriasis, acute eczema and alopecia aereata.

c) The inflammation of cuticle or nail fold is called paronychia.

d) separation of onycholysis is seen in psoriasis of the nail bed, infections, and after taking tetracyclines.

e) destruction of the nail in lichen planus, epidermolysis bullosa.

f) Missing nail is seen in syndrome.It nails is a hereditary disease.

g) The nails are brittle in Raynaud’s disease and gangrene.

h. The decrease of the nail) in fungal infections, psoriasis and thyroid disorders is seen.

5) Growth: —

Reduction in blood supply affects the growth of nails. Nail growth is also affected in the illness. If the disease disappears the growth takes off resulting in the formation of transverse lines as lines ridges.These Beau healpful and the outbreak of the day of the disease.